# Distance Sampling Examples

Here you can find a set of worked examples (“vignettes”) demonstrating various aspects of distance sampling design and analysis using free software tools we have created and maintain. At present they focus on R packages; for examples using Distance for Windows see Chapter 3 (“Getting started”) of the Distance manual.

Examples below are based upon data sets available in the R packages dssd (for survey design), Distance (for analysis of distance sampling surveys), mrds for double observer methods and dsm for spatial models. Data for the example of spatial models for point transect are described below the table; data for model-based inference is linked to the HTML description. All examples are provided as Rmarkdown documents. For information about using Rmarkdown files, consult this RStudio website.

# Examples with R packages

Vignette Description Keywords Category Buckland2015
Getting started with survey design using dssd (Rmd) Use of the package dssd to create a survey design within a study-area, and examine properties of the design such as how well it covers the study area and average transect lengths. The example uses a parallel line transects; other designs available in the dssd package follow from this example. line transect, design, dssd, parallel Design
Multiple strata in dssd (Rmd) An example of how to create a design in dssd that contains multiple strata, with different design characteristics in each stratum. line transect, design, dssd, stratification Design
Analysis of line transect data (Rmd) Line transect data of winter wrens in Scotland. An example of model fitting, model selection, goodness of fit assessment. Basic analysis skills required for any distance sampling analysis. Line transect, songbirds Analysis XXXX
Analysis of point transect data (Rmd) Point transect analysis of savannah sparrow data set from Knopf et al. (1988) point transects, songbirds Analysis
Variance estimation (Rmd) Variance estimation examining three approaches: delta-method, bootstrap and bootstrap incorporating model uncertainty. Based on line transect data of winter wrens from Buckland (2006). bootstrap, variance Analysis
Stratification (Rmd) Analysis of stratified survey design, including model selection to determine whether stratum-specific detection functions are necessary. Uses point transect analysis of savannah sparrow data set from Knopf et al. (1988). stratification, point transects Analysis
Covariates in detection function (Rmd) Bringing covariates into detection function, using amakihi data from Marques et al. (2007). point transects, songbirds, covariates Analysis XXXX
Multi-species surveys (Rmd) Use of species covariate to produce species-specific density estimates when number of detections for some species is small. multi-species Analysis
Size bias adjustment (Rmd) Because of the detection process, average group size in sample is a positively biased estimate of average group size in population. This bias can be compensated by employing group size as a covariate in the detection function. group size Analysis
Cue counts (Rmd) Cue counting example based on line transect data of winter wrens from Buckland (2006). Incorporating song rate in analysis. Cue counts, line transects Analysis XXXX
Indirect survey methods (Rmd) Estimation of Sika deer density based upon deer pellet distance sampling data. Includes estimation of decay rate using logistic regression and multiplier based on dung production rates. Using data from Marques et al. (2001). multipliers, line transects Analysis
Double observer methods (Rmd) Full independence and point independence analysis of golf tee data from multiple observers. mark-recapture distance sampling Analysis
Density surface modelling - lines (Rmd) Line transect survey of pantropical spotted dolphins in the Gulf of Mexico. spatial model, dolphins, line transect Analysis XXXX
Density surface modelling - points (Rmd) Point transect survey of hares in France. Simple density surface model with (x,y) predictor; thanks to Guillaume Souchay, French National Hunting and Wildlife Agency for data and analysis. point transect, spatial modelling Analysis
Simulation truncation decisions (Rmd) Simulate distance sampling surveys examining the effect of truncation distance and pooling robustness upon estimates of animal density (when true density is known). simulation, truncation Simulation
Model-based inference (Rmd) Model-based inference combining detection function and density modelling in a single step. Demonstrates both likelihood-based and Bayesian approaches. model-based, point transects Analysis XXXX
Lure surveys (Rmd) Point counts supplemented by trials to assess birds’ response to lures. Combined analysis adjusts counts to adjust for probability of responding to lure. survey design, point transects Analysis XXXX
Simulation design contrasts (Rmd) Simulation package evaluates randomised and non-randomised surveys designs when animals avoid human trails. design, randomisation Simulation XXXX
Density surface modelling data formatting (Rmd) How to format line transect data for the dsm package. spatial model, line transect Data processing XXXX
Camera trap analysis with distance sampling (Rmd) Replicates analyses of duiker data presented by Howe et al. (2017) including model selection methods in presence of overdispersion (Howe et al. 2019) camera traps, point transects Analysis
Inference regarding density estimate differences (Rmd) Statistical comparison of density estimates between strata. Uses formulation provided in Buckland et al. (2001) Sect. 3.6.5 stratification, inference Analysis